“중국 토벌” 요구하는 미국과 거절하는 한국
<번역> 국가이익 게재 /강정구 번역
국가이익 게재 /강정구 번역 | tongil@tongilnews.com
http://www.tongilnews.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=132908
승인 2020.08.02 10:14:29
원제목: 한국의 대중국 독립노선 봉행
(South Korea Is Charting an Independent Course on China)
저자: 다오거·반두오
출처: 미국 <국가이익(The National Interest)> 홈페이지 7월27일자 기사,
역자: 강정구 전 동국대 교수
한국과 중국은 탈냉전 이후에 수교했다. 이 이후 양국 관계는 점진적으로 확대되었다. 2016년 서울이 미국의 “사드” 요격미사일체계를 받아들여서 위기를 유발하는 시점까지는 줄곧 이 기조를 유지했다.
이럼에도 불구하고, 선거를 고려한 트럼프 정부는 서울에 중국과 중국 공산당에 대해 토벌 동행을 요구하였다. 그렇지만, 서울은 여전히 이를 배척할 결심을(决心抵制) 유지하고 있다. 곧, 서울은 중국의 적이 되고 싶은 생각이 없다.
지금, 한국은 바로 트럼프정부로부터 점점 더 커지는 압력을 받고 있는 중이다. 지금까지는, 문재인 정부가 줄곧 이에 따르기를 거절하면서(不愿配合), 화웨이와 기타 중국 기업에게 반도체 판매 금지를 반대해왔다. 또한 중국의 홍콩정책에 대한 비판을 획책하는 미국의 요구를 거절해 왔다.
워싱턴의 반응은 트럼프식의 표준적 대응이었다. 곧, 반복적으로 요구하고, 더 나아가 더욱 더 자주 요구하는 식이었다. 마치 이전에 유럽 각국 정부를 이란에 대한 “극단적인 압력가하기” 계획에 끌어들이려 했지만 실현되지 못한 것과 같은 식이었다.
한국외교관은 미국 측이 미국 정부의 요구가 한국의 이익을 위협하는 것을 인정하지 않는 것에 대해 실망을 나타냈다. 그렇지만, 미국인의 오만은 이러한 미국 자신의 요구를 한국에게 하는 것은 아주 자연스런 것으로 보았다(来得自然而然).
워싱턴은 이제까지 한반도 문제에서 모든 의사일정(agenda) 통제하여 왔었다. 그래서 한국이 이에 대해 생각할 필요도 없이(不假思索地) 미국의 지시를 복종할(听从) 것을 바랐던 것이다.
서울은 자기의 정책을 스스로 제정할 것을 모색하고 있다. 이는 미국의 요구대로 중국에 대항하는 게 가장 좋은 것이고, 또한 유일하고 현명한 정책이라고 생각하고 있었던 미국의 매파분석가들을 너무 놀라도록 했다.
중국대항을 위한 동맹참여는, 서울에게는 양국지간 선택해야하는 압력에서 일차적으로 감수해야할(받아들여야 할) 사안이 아니었다. 오히려 한국의 제일 중요한 임무는 중국을 한국의 영구적인 적으로 변하지 못하게 하는 것이었다.
중국은 한국의 영원한 이웃이다. 만약 서울이 어떤 적대국가가 중국을 공격하는 것을 돕는다면, 중국의 반응이 어떨 것인지를 한번 생각해 보자.
워싱턴은 오만하게도 한국은 당연히 미국과 함께 중국에 대항하고 적대적이어야 한다고 생각한다. 이는 미국 측의 오랫동안 쌓여온 관점을 반영하는 것이다.
곧, 미국은 당연히 조선반도에서 군대를 유지해야하고, 이로써 중국을 억제해야 하고, 또한 이 문제는 서울이 동의하고 말고의 문제가 아니었다. 그렇지만, 나는 아직 이러한 가설을 인정하는 한국 관리를 만난 적이 없다.
한국은 대 중국 대항을 소집한 워싱턴의 요구를 거절한 유일한 우호국가이거나 심지어 동맹국가가 아니다. 특히 폼페이오가 지난 주 중국에 대한 그러한 부류의 공격을 개시한 시점이후는 더욱 그렇다.
이러한 공격은 베이징을 격노시키는 것 외에 아무른 이익도 없는 짓이다. 그렇지만, 이것이 바로 국무장관의 목표일 수가 있다. 중국을 자극하고, 이에 중국이 미국이 유용하게 사용할 수 있는 정치적 응수를 해 주기를 바라는 것이다.
미국 관리는 지구상에 모든 일들이 결코 모두 미국과 관계가 있는 것이 아니라는 점을 제대로 인식할 필요가 있다. 또한 각 국가가 모두 미국이 와서 그들의 행동을 결정해 주기를 기다리지 않고 있다는 사실도 제대로 인식할 필요가 있다.
한국이 하나의 전형적인 보기일 따름이다. 서울은 나날이 증가하는 중·미 대립 중에 자기의 안전을 희생당하는 것을 원치 않는다.
워싱턴은 응당 한국의 협조를 모색해야 한다. 동시에 한국이 양쪽 미쳐 날뛰는 큰 코끼리 중간에서 끼워지지(被夹在两头) 않도록 확실히 보장하는 노력을 해야 한다.
이것이야말로 미국이 70여년 이상 친밀했던 민주적 동맹과 친구에 대한 최소한의(最起码) 해야 할 임무인 것이다.
美媒：美号召“讨伐中国”，韩国拒绝加入
来源：环球时报 作者：道格·班多
https://oversea.huanqiu.com/article/3zFLGMiYc7g
2020-07-29 07:28
美国《国家利益》杂志网站7月27日文章，原题：韩国奉行独立的对华路线 韩国和中国在冷战结束后建交，此后关系稳步扩大，直到2016年首尔接受美国的“萨德”反导系统引发危机。即便如此，当特朗普政府基于选举考虑而号召对中国和中国共产党进行讨伐时，首尔仍决心抵制。首尔无意成为中国的敌人。
如今，韩国正承受着来自特朗普政府越来越大的压力。到目前为止，文在寅政府一直不愿配合，反对禁止向华为和其他中国企业出售半导体，并拒绝批评中国在香港的政策。
华盛顿的回应是标准的特朗普式的：反复提出要求，且提出更多的要求，就像之前将欧洲各国政府拉入对伊朗“极限施压”计划未果一样。韩国外交官对美方不承认美政府的做法威胁到韩国的利益表示失望。然而，美国人的傲慢来得自然而然。华盛顿总是控制着在朝鲜问题上的议程，并希望韩国不假思索地听从美国的指示。
首尔寻求制定自己的政策，这让那些认为对抗中国是最好也是唯一明智政策的鹰派分析人士感到震惊。
这不是首尔第一次感受到在两国之间做出选择的压力。然而，韩国的首要任务是不把中国变成一个永久的对手。中国永远在隔壁。想象一下，如果首尔帮助一个敌对国家攻击中国，中国的反应会是什么。
华盛顿傲慢地认为，韩国当然会与美国一起对抗中国。这反映在美方长期以来的观点，即美国应该在朝鲜半岛维持军队，以遏制中国，而不问首尔是否同意。我还没有遇到一个认可这种假设的韩国官员。
韩国不会是唯一一个拒绝华盛顿征召对抗中国的友好国家，甚至盟友，尤其是像蓬佩奥上周发起对中国的那种攻击时。这种攻击除了激怒北京外毫无益处。不过，这很可能是国务卿的目标，希望刺激中国做出有用的政治回应。
美国官员需要认识到，地球上并不是所有的事都与美国有关，也不是每个国家都在等待美国来决定他们的行动。韩国就是一个典型的例子。首尔不想在日益加剧的中美对立中牺牲自己的安全。华盛顿应该寻求韩国的协助，同时努力确保后者不会被夹在两头横冲直撞的大象之间。这是美国对一个70多年的亲密民主盟友和朋友最起码能做到的。（作者道格·班多，陈一译）
The National Interest
July 27, 2020
South Korea Is Charting an Independent Course on China
South Korea doesn’t want to end up as a permanent target of Chinese ire as a result of America’s efforts to goad Beijing into a war of words and public one-upmanship.
https://nationalinterest.org/blog/korea-watch/south-korea-charting-independent-course-china-165661
by Doug Bandow Follow Doug_Bandow on TwitterL
After establishing diplomatic relations as the Cold War ended, South Korea and China enjoyed steadily expanding ties until 2016, when Seoul’s acceptance of America’s Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) missile system caused a crisis. Beijing’s economic retaliation turned South Korean popular attitudes sharply negative. Even so, Seoul is determined to resist the Trump administration’s election-minded call for a crusade against the People’s Republic of China and the ruling Chinese Communist Party.
Originally Beijing only recognized communist North Korea. In October 1950 Mao Zedong’s People’s Republic of China (PRC) intervened in the Korean War, saving Kim Il-sung’s government from defeat and preserving the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (ROK). Nevertheless, the two governments were not particularly friendly. Indeed, Kim was embarrassed by his wartime dependence on China. Amid the oscillations of the PRC’s relations with North Korea came notable low points: Kim’s purge of the pro-China faction of the North’s communist party and Beijing’s criticism of the North’s evolution into a quasi-monarchy.
Official contacts between South Korea and the PRC began in the 1980s. However, Seoul’s ties with China did not warm significantly until the end of the Cold War. In 1992 the two nations established diplomatic relations. Since then trade and investment burgeoned. Today the PRC trades more with the South than America and Japan combined.
Until 2016 the bilateral relationship seemed destined to grow ever closer. However, the South ignored Beijing’s opposition to the deployment of THAAD missile defense and imposed economic sanctions in response. Although mild by U.S. standards, they imposed a real financial cost on the ROK. However, the reputational loss by China was even greater. South Koreans had viewed the PRC positively, but its approval numbers plummeted after the THAAD controversy. The South’s population became much more suspicious of Beijing’s objectives and more supportive of defense ties with America.
Although the two governments formally repaired their relationship, China had lost the ROK public’s hearts and minds. Since then, whatever hope the PRC had of regaining its earlier popularity faded with its worsening human-rights practices and increasingly aggressive international activities.
Yet Seoul is not interested in becoming an enemy of China.
It has been long evident to the South Korean government that the United States does not believe in equal partnerships. As in other alliances, Washington believes that it makes the rules. Even though the ROK has become a serious global power—breaking into the top dozen economies, for instance—the United States treats the South as if it was little changed from the war-ravaged, authoritarian, economic wreck of 1953.
Unsurprisingly, Washington is demanding that Seoul follow the former’s lead on the PRC. Explained the South China Morning Post: “Being caught in the middle of rivalry between the US and North Korea is a decades-old problem for South Korea and now it also has to contend with Sino-American animosity. The presence of tens of thousands of US troops on its soil since the 1950-53 Korean war as a bulwark against North Korean aggression is also a source of tension with China. Washington’s pressure for Seoul to host an anti-ballistic missile defense system angered Beijing due to its surveillance capabilities and although that issue has largely been resolved, there are now demands from the Trump administration to deny Huawei and other Chinese technology firms integrated circuits. With China being by far South Korea’s biggest trading partner, acceding to such a demand is difficult.”
Today the ROK is under increasingly intense pressure from the Trump administration to join the administration’s election-themed campaign against the PRC. So far, the Moon Jae-in government has resisted, opposing the ban on semiconductor sales to Huawei and other Chinese firms and refusing to denounce Chinese policy in Hong Kong, for instance.
The response from Washington has been standard Trump: make additional and more insistent demands, rather like the so far failed attempt to dragoon European governments into the administration’s program of “maximum pressure” against Iran. ROK diplomats express frustration at the failure of U.S. officials to acknowledge how the administration approach threatens their own country’s interests. However, American hubris comes naturally: Washington always has controlled the agenda with North Korea and expected the South to unthinkingly follow American directions.
That Seoul seeks to set its own policy has shocked hawkish analysts who assume confrontation is the best and only sensible policy toward the PRC. For instance, Mathew Ha of the Foundation for the Defense of Democracies blamed the South’s failure to adopt the Trump agenda on fear of Chinese retaliation, which he believed should be addressed through bribery, a promise to reimburse Seoul for any costs incurred. He warned of “China’s hand” and “Beijing’s sway,” which he saw involved in a nefarious attempt “to undermine U.S. alliances.” Obviously, the South Koreans were incapable of thinking and acting for themselves.
Ironically, also attempting to undermine the U.S.-ROK alliance, if not the rest of America’s alliances was Japan’s Prime Minister Shinzo Abe. Locked in a bitter feud with the South over lawsuits seeking compensation for war-time abuses, Tokyo saw an opportunity for advantage. Reported the Japan Times: “Tokyo has told Washington it opposes a suggestion by U.S. President Donald Trump to add Seoul to the Group of Seven summit, diplomatic sources said. . . . The message, in which Tokyo claimed Seoul is out of lockstep with G7 members on Chinese and North Korean issues, was conveyed by a high-level Japanese government official immediately after Trump on May 30 broached the idea” of inviting the ROK to attend. In Japan’s telling, failing to be Washington’s catspaw means Seoul must be Beijing’s catspaw!
Korea long has been known as a shrimp among whales, given the proximity of China, Japan, and Russia. The United States seemed like almost the perfect ally for South Korea since the former was far away, and thus less likely to attempt to physically dominate the South. However, while the ROK understandably leans toward Washington, that does mean South Korea wants to create an enemy in Beijing. In April National Assembly speaker Moon Hee-sang said that asking the ROK to choose between China and America was like “asking a child whether you like your dad or your mom.” He explained: “We cannot abandon economy for the sake of security, and we cannot abandon security for the sake of economy.”
This isn’t the first time that Seoul has felt pressure to choose between the two countries. However, the South’s priority is to not turn the PRC into a permanent adversary. China will always be next door and has a very long memory. During the THAAD deployment, noted Chun Yung-woo, national security adviser to President Lee Myung-bak, South Koreans learned “how harsh [the Chinese] can be in dealing with their small neighbors and how hollow their commitment to a peaceful rise actually turned out to be.” Imagine the PRC’s reaction if Seoul aided an enemy power that attacked China. And should the Washington-Beijing confrontation turn violent, the result easily could be more than one war. After all, it took two global conflagrations to determine Germany’s role in the world and its relationship with other great powers. Beijing would not easily or quickly yield its ambitious objectives.
Washington’s arrogant assumption that the South would, of course, join with America against China is reflected in long-standing arguments that the United States should maintain troops on the Korean Peninsula in order to contain the PRC, without asking whether Seoul would approve their use for that purpose. I have yet to meet a South Korean official who endorses that assumption. Publicly the government ignores the hypothetical, though President Roh Moo-hyun indicated that his government’s approval would be necessary for Washington to use forces based in the peninsula, which meant that he was prepared to say no.
The only scenario under which Seoul likely would allow the United States to wage war on China is if America’s forces were defending the South. Moon Hee-sang argued that South Koreans across the ideological divide wanted to avoid involvement in a fight between the big boys “unless our survival is at stake.” The likelihood that the South would aid America in fighting China over Taiwan, Japan’s Senkaku Islands, or the Philippines’ Scarborough Shoal approaches zero.
The ROK won’t be the only friendly nation, even ally, to refuse Washington’s attempt to conscript it against China, especially in making bombastic attacks on the PRC like the one that Secretary of State Mike Pompeo launched last week. Such attacks will do little more than anger Beijing. But then, that likely was the secretary’s goal, hoping to goad China into making a useful political response.
In fact, South Koreans should be skeptical of a blatant campaign effort launched by Trump, who spent three years lavishing praise on Xi Jinping, the architect of growing repression at home and aggressiveness abroad. If the Trump administration botches this effort, which will likely happen considering the failed campaigns against its other adversaries—most obviously, Cuba, Iran, Russia, Venezuela—South Korea doesn’t want to end up as a permanent target of Chinese ire as a result.
U.S. officials need to recognize that not everything on earth is about America or that every other nation is waiting for the United States to decide how they should act. South Korea is a prime example. Seoul does not want to sacrifice its security amid growing antagonism between the PRC and America. Washington should seek the ROK’s assistance while working to ensure that the latter does not get caught in between the equivalent of two rampaging elephants. That is the least the United States could do for a close democratic ally and friend of more than seven decades.
Doug Bandow is a senior fellow at the Cato Institute. A former special assistant to President Ronald Reagan, he is author of Tripwire: Korea and U.S. Foreign Policy in a Changed World and coauthor of The Korean Conundrum: America’s Troubled Relations with North and South Korea.